Achieving rural development goals in Iran as depends on adopting suitable social, ‎economic and physical approaches, it involves the use of a compatible and effective ‎approach to rural development planning process (preparation and implementation of ‎development plans).‎ Up to now, rationalism and communicative approaches to frame and process of ‎development planning were under consideration, but in Iran planning system, ‎rationalism approach has been preferred to communicative approach which has been ‎taken in to consideration at world planning literature since last years of twentieth ‎century‏. ‏‎‎ What are the deficiencies and weaknesses of prevalent approach in development ‎planning process of Iran? Which choice is a suitable one for Iran rural development ‎planning process? Answers to these questions are the goal of this article that is ‎presented in analytic and descriptive method‏. ‏‎‎ According to results of searches, "pivotal specialty" and "non-participatory ‎characteristic" have caused rationalism approach to face some weakness and many ‎failures, so with attention to conditions, the choice of communicative approach is of ‎essential necessities for rural development planning process in Iran‏.‏

Introduction: Traditional approaches of urban planning, especially the simple-comprehensive, in Iran has been dominated for decades till now. By revealing their weaknesses, a tacit and slow effort began to improve the process and product of urban planning in the existing system. In parallel with these changes, theory and practice of urban planning in more developed countries changed and with regards to different contexts, different practices and styles have been employed. As urban planning tended to public participation in the middle of 20th century, communicative planning raised as a developed form of participatory planning in last decades of 20th century which affect most of the debates in urban planning theory. These two trends in two different contexts arise this question that if it is possible to employ communicative planning in Iran. This article is going to analyze and answer this question.Method: To answer the question of this article, it consists of four steps. Firstly the changes in urban planning in the more developed world and especially the tendency towards participation is studied. In second step communicative planning theory is discussed and which can attract and employ a community participation. In the next step the necessity and opportunity of applying such an approach in less developed countries is discussed; and finally as case study Farahzad community in Tehran is introduced and analyzed and possible strategies for development of this space is given. Data are gathered by literature review, field survey and interview (by questionnaire and in-depth interview).Findings: The core idea of communicative planning brings the opportunity of employing this approach for small scale planning in less developed countries especially in spaces with wicked problems.Discussion: As communicative planning emphasize on process more than product, it could consider the conditions of the context. Also the small scale of such an approach bring the opportunity for local institutions and people to play a role far from big national institutions. This opportunity could strengthen the urban institutions and improving urban democracy.

Although planning theorists’ opinions vary, most communicative process criteria can be summarized in three principles: inclusiveness of participating parties, openness and transparency for debating process, and consensus building for constructive and practical solutions. According to these three principles, the shortcomings of the rural development plans of East Azerbaijan province in the field of communicative planning approach were analyzed qualitatively-quantitatively by research method mixed with the tool development approach. A total of 40 people were selected to participate in in-depth interviews and answer multiple-choice questions, of which 25 participated in qualitative interviews. In the first phase of the research, the "guided introspection" method was used. Due to the nature of this approach, MAXQDA software was used for data management in secondary coding. The extracted indicators and pivotal concepts became a researcher-made questionnaire for tool development in quantitative sections. The SEM method in PLS software environment was used for quantitative data analysis. Thirty sub-themes were identified as local development planning deficiencies in three options as communication planning process criteria, which were classified into eight main themes. The results show A) as long as the participation of stakeholders in all stages of planning is not; B) there is no clear definition of local rural development; C) the type of attitude towards development is not communicative and bottom-up; D) Local capacities, needs and expectations are not used properly; F) how to access information is not enough; No consensus can be reached on constructive and practical solutions through indigenous knowledge, creativity and executive guarantee.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the pathology of continuous management of urban reconstruction with a state-level, top-down, hierarchical and non-participatory, lack of communication and interaction in urban regeneration and transfer to participatory collaboration among actors in urban management (government, market, public sector, Private, civil society and citizens) with a communicative, cooperative, interactive and discursive governance model for sustainable urban regeneration. With the advent of actions and the writing of communication with the sovereignty of the network, the Twin approach has emerged as the network communications management in modern management. The method of research is combination (quantitative and qualitative). Observations, interviews and questionnaires were used. This research aims to identify structural patterns of relations between the 34 formal and informal organizations associated with sustainable urban regeneration. For this purpose, the analysis of social networks and indicators of size, density, network center, reproduction, transmission, and the shortest distance between the two macro level activators were used. There are 34 characters in this network and in fact determine the social boundary of the network. A total of 1122 transmissions can occur in this network, of which only 271 occur (roughly a quarter), indicating the network's weakness and the lack of cooperation of communication networks from sustainable urban regeneration. The link between information and collaboration between the organizations studied (37%) was low and the network was in policy, coordination, management (planning, monitoring and evaluation) indicators, implementation, instrumentation, central and hierarchical facilities. Methodology: This research aims to identify structural patterns of relations between the 34 formal and informal organizations associated with sustainable urban regeneration. For this purpose, the analysis of social networks and indicators of size, density, network center, reproduction, transmission, and the shortest distance between the two macro level activators were used. There are 34 characters in this network and in fact determine the social boundary of the network. A total of 1122 transmissions can occur in this network, of which only 271 occur (roughly a quarter), indicating the network's weakness and the lack of cooperation of communication networks from sustainable urban regeneration. Results and discussion: The link between information and collaboration between the organizations studied (37%) was low and the network was in policy, coordination, management (planning, monitoring and evaluation) indicators, implementation, instrumentation, central and hierarchical facilities. urban regeneration and transfer to participatory collaboration among actors in urban management (government, market, public sector, Private, civil society and citizens) with a communicative, cooperative, interactive and discursive governance model for sustainable urban regeneration. With the advent of actions and the writing of communication with the sovereignty of the network, the Twin approach has emerged as the network communications management in modern management. The method of research is combination (quantitative and qualitative). Observations, interviews and questionnaires were used. This research aims to identify structural patterns of relations between the 34 formal and informal organizations associated with sustainable urban regeneration. For this purpose, the analysis of social networks and indicators of size, density, network center, reproduction, transmission, and the shortest distance between the two macro level activators were used. Conclusion: Urban regeneration and transfer to participatory collaboration among actors in urban management (government, market, public sector, Private, civil society and citizens) with a communicative, cooperative, interactive and discursive governance model for sustainable urban regeneration. With the advent of actions and the writing of communication with the sovereignty of the network, the Twin approach has emerged as the network communications management in modern management. The method of research is combination (quantitative and qualitative). Observations, interviews and questionnaires were used. This research aims to identify structural patterns of relations between the 34 formal and informal organizations associated with sustainable urban regeneration. For this purpose, the analysis of social networks and indicators of size, density, network center, reproduction, transmission, and the shortest distance between the two macro level activators were used. Urban regeneration and transfer to participatory collaboration among actors in urban management (government, market, public sector, Private, civil society and citizens) with a communicative, cooperative, interactive and discursive governance model for sustainable urban regeneration. With the advent of actions and the writing of communication with the sovereignty of the network, the Twin approach has emerged as the network communications management in modern management. The method of research is combination (quantitative and qualitative). Observations, interviews and questionnaires were used. This research aims to identify structural patterns of relations between the 34 formal and informal organizations associated with sustainable urban regeneration. For this purpose, the analysis of social networks and indicators of size, density, network center, reproduction, transmission, and the shortest distance between the two macro level activators were used. Urban regeneration and transfer to participatory collaboration among actors in urban management (government, market, public sector, Private, civil society and citizens) with a communicative, cooperative, interactive and discursive governance model for sustainable urban regeneration. With the advent of actions and the writing of communication with the sovereignty of the network, the Twin approach has emerged as the network communications management in modern management. The method of research is combination (quantitative and qualitative). Observations, interviews and questionnaires were used. This research aims to identify structural patterns of relations between the 34 formal and informal organizations associated with sustainable urban regeneration. For this purpose, the analysis of social networks and indicators of size, density, network center, reproduction, transmission, and the shortest distance between the two macro level activators were used. Urban regeneration and transfer to participatory collaboration among actors in urban management (government, market, public sector, Private, civil society and citizens) with a communicative, cooperative, interactive and discursive governance model for sustainable urban regeneration. With the advent of actions and the writing of communication with the sovereignty of the network, the Twin approach has emerged as the network communications management in modern management. The method of research is combination (quantitative and qualitative). Observations, interviews and questionnaires were used. This research aims to identify structural patterns of relations between the 34 formal and informal organizations associated with sustainable urban regeneration.

Aim: Studies have been conducted focusing on citizens' participation in urban planning and their right to the city, which have been raised as a criticism of non-participatory and non-communicative urban planning. In this research, an attempt has been made to explain the process of changing the site of Takab Hospital, using the theory of the production of space and Lefebverian trialectics, to be able to identify the dimensions of this site change and its consequences.  Material & Method: With a descriptive-analytic method and applicative approach, with the help of the network analyst tool in ArcMap, the access status of citizens to the new hospital was evaluated in front of the old hospital by building a new area instrument at a standard distance, as one of the examples of their lived space.  Finding: The analysis showed that citizens' access to the new hospital within the standard access radius was about one-third of the access to the old hospital.  Conclusion: This case is inferred as an example of inattention to the urban lived space and a manifestation of the distance between the planner and the citizen, which shows the lack of correct understanding of the citizens as the audience of the programs. As a result, the city planners' action to change the hospital's site reveals its negative effect in the form of an increase in the access distance of the citizens to the hospital.  Innovation: The innovative aspect of this article is integrating Henri Lefebvre's Production Of Space theory with communicative turn in urban planning; it is avoided only addressing and analyzing the spatial dimensions of the hospital site change. However, social and linguistic aspects also intervene in this spatial analysis.

This article explains the differences between 'top-down' and the recent 'bottom-up' approaches to planning. While the former method is essentially a rational-scientific method favoring the technical analyses of a group of specialist, the latter method emphasizes the mediator role of the planner in an inclusive process. The role of Habermas's Theory of Communicative Action' in shaping this recent approach to urban planning is then elaborated. The article concludes with a review of the opinions critical of the 'Communicative Action' and 'Communicative Planning'.

Over the past few decades, democratic procedures have been raised as main core of most urban planning methods. In this regard, the present research adopts Descriptive-Evaluation methods and uses meta-analysis method so as to review the democratic procedures at the heart of planning theories and democracy and to explore their paradigmatic interaction. The main challenge is the emergence of planning Practices based on public interest and in alignment with democratic nature of it, so the results of present research suggest that transition to post-modern era of planning perspective is accompanied by association between democratic procedures and certain subjects such as public interest, consensus, pluralism, uncertainty and agonistic arenas. In this regard, the theory of planning has experienced a paradigmatic shift towards agonistic planning which is a democratic accountability mechanism premised on intellectual support of agonistic democracy. So this article tries to recognize and set up a platform for emergence of new democratic theories, especially appearance the agonistic planning theory in Iran, and consequently the formation of social discourse due to turning hostility into agnostic and replacing enmity by disagreement or aggression by competition.